However, the number of studies searching for new antibiotics has decreased in the last decade. This induces high cost in patient care due to testing and the concomitant use of more expensive and nephrotoxic antibiotics, which may increase the chance of mortality to 69%. These infections are included in the priority list of the World Health Organization due to their resistance against conventional antibiotics, rendering their treatment difficult. In particular, nosocomial infections, caused by a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus, often leads to septicaemia and eventually death. Infectious diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. This study demonstrates the potential application of synthesised nanoparticles in the field of medicine, especially for treating infections caused by pathogenic S. The nanometric systems exhibited adequate stability preventing aggregation and revealed a two-fold increase in antimicrobial activity when compared with free ampicillin. The results reveal that most of the nanosystems have sizes <220 nm, positive zeta potential values and a monodisperse population, except for the nanoparticles crosslinked with PAM-18 polyanions. The stability of these nanosystems was carried out at temperatures of 4 and 40 ☌, and the antimicrobial effect was determined by the broth microdilution method using sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. These nanoparticles were analysed and characterised in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. In this study, ampicillin-loaded chitosan–polyanion nanoparticles were produced through the techniques of ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation assisted by high-intensity sonication, using several crosslinking agents, including phytic acid (non-polymeric polyanion), sodium and potassium salts of poly(maleic acid- alt-ethylene) and poly(maleic acid- alt-octadecene) (polymeric polyanions). Recently, one of the promising strategies to fight sensitive and resistant bacteria, and decrease the morbidity and mortality rates due to non-nosocomial infections, is to use antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles.
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